Welcome to rowing! If this is your first time acquainting yourself with the sport, you may feel like “a fish out of water.” There are many terms used exclusively to rowing and as your athlete grows in the sport you will begin to hear them at races, at the dinner table and on trips home from practice. No worries – you’ll pick up the vernacular quickly.
We’ve put together the Rowing 101 section with information and definitions that will get you on your way to a better understanding of the sport that your athlete knows and loves.
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Who is in the boat?
Rowers, oarsmen, oarswomen – these are the athletes who hold an oar, sit backwards in the boat, and provide the power to move the boat down the course.
Coxswain – It is pronounced cox’n, the cox is the athlete that steers the boat, calls the race plan, and motivates the rowers.
Sculling and Sweep
There are two types of rowing, sculling and sweep. In sculling, each rower has two oars, each about 9.5 ft. long and these boats almost never have a coxswain. In sweep rowing, each rower has only one oar, about 12 ft. long. The smaller boats may or may not have a coxswain, 8’s, the largest boat, always have a coxswain.
In boats with no coxswain, one of the rowers is responsible for steering the boat. This is usually the rower in the bow of the boat, the position closest to the end of the boat that would cross the finish line first. They steer by directing other rowers in the boat to adjust how hard they are pulling, but they may also have a toe-steer, meaning that their foot is attached to a wire that can move the rudder.
Boats in each discipline are identified by numbers and each has a specific name.
Sculling boats are as follows:
- 1x – single
- 2x – double
- 4x – quad
Sweep boats are as follows:
- 2- – simply called a “pair” (no cox) or 2+, a pair with coxswain or just a “pair with”.
- 4- – a straight 4, a 4 person boat with no coxswain or 4+, a coxed 4
- 8+ – an “8”, these boats always have a coxswain
In both kinds of racing, rowers are able to take long powerful strokes with the oars because their seat moves while their feet are in shoes attached to a footboard. The design of a shell creates a dynamic combination of speed and strength. For example, an 8-oared shell is 60 ft. long, weighs less than 220 lbs., and can carry a crew weighing as much as 1,800 lbs.
Oars
Oars not only move the boat through the water but act as balancers to help “set,” or balance the boat. Each oar is mounted in a swivel oarlock, which is attached to a rigger.
Boat Position
There are eight rowing positions in a racing shell.
- Seats 1 and 2 are referred to as the bow pair and the person in position 1 is call bow. This pair sets the boat or balances the boat. Rowers in these positions must have a smooth and fluid technique. They also tend to be some of the lighter athletes in the boat.
- Seats 3, 4, 5 and 6 are referred to as the “engine room”. Rowers in these positions are usually big and strong and some of the heavier athletes in the boat.
- Seats 7 and 8 are referred to as the stern pair. The athlete in 8 is referred to as the “stroke”. This athlete is usually the best racer in the boat and is able to set a rhythm that is easy for the rest of the boat to follow. They have a close relationship with the coxswain and help to keep the boat going as fast as it can.
It is important to remember that all three sections of the boat are equally important. A good winning boat consists of athletes rowing together as a team under the direction of their coxswain.
The coxswain is the eyes and ears of the boat. The coxswain’s role on the water is very involved as they must guide the boat to the starting line and get the boat lined up correctly. Once the race begins, he or she needs to be a good motivator because the coxswain is the only one who can talk to the rowers. Often described as the “brains in the boat,” the coxswain is responsible for:
- Steering the boat by giving directions to the rowers and keeping the boat in the proper lane to avoid penalties;
- Watching the crew; spotting errors and making relevant observations. A coxswain must know rowing technique, so that if a correction is necessary, he or she will know what to do and who should do it;
- Telling the crew where they are in relation to the other boats and how much farther they have to go to win; and
- Executing the coach’s game plan, as the coach can’t be with the boat during the race.
The Rowing Motion
The whole body is involved in moving a shell through the water. Basically the stroke is made up of four parts: catch, drive, finish and recovery.
As the stroke begins, the rower is coiled forward on the sliding seat, with knees bent and arms outstretched – this is the catch. At the catch, he rows the oar into the water, picking up the speed of the boat and beginning to accelerate. At the beginning of the drive, the body position doesn’t change—the legs do all the work. As the upper body begins to uncoil against the driving legs, the arms are hanging on the oar handle, prying the boat passed the oar. Finishing the drive, the rower moves his or her hands quickly into the body, which by this time is in a “layback” position. During the finish, the oar handle is moved down drawing the blade out of the water. At the same time, the rower feathers the oar, or turns the oar handle so that the blade changes from a vertical position to a horizontal one. This feathering cuts down wind resistance and avoids hitting the water. The oar remains out of the water as the rower begins the recovery, moving her hands away from the body and past the knees. The body follows the hands and the sliding seat moves forward until, knees bent, the rower is ready for the next catch.
Racing
A competition in rowing is called a regatta.. In the fall the regattas are called head races and are 4000- 5000 meters long. Winners are determined by the best time in a race. In the spring races are 1500 or 2000 meter sprints. The boats line up in lanes and race.
In the spring races, crews are held stationary by stake boat holders at the start of the race until the referee gives the go command. Should a crew anticipate this command and cause a false start, the boats will be called back to the start. A crew assessed two false starts may be disqualified. Once the race has begun, only the referee, following behind in a motor launch, may stop the crews. The boats are to stay in their lanes. Crews that stray out of their lane will not necessarily be penalized as long as they do not interfere or impede any other competitors.
Frequently the races are divided into flights—shells are grouped according to ability and size. For example, all Women’s Lightweight Varsity 8s will race against each other. The winning boat is the one whose bow (signified by a bow ball on the shell) crosses the finish line first between designated markers.. Under good weather conditions, an 8-oar men’s crew can row this distance in less than 5-6 minutes, often averaging a speed of 14 m.p.h.
How to Look Like a Rowing Expert
- If you hear somebody say “heads up,” people carrying a shell are trying to get someplace with it and you are in the way.
- Single rowers are scullers – they row a scull, not a skull. Rowers who row an 8+ or 4+ “sweep,” but they are called rowers not sweepers!
- If you hear a rower say “I caught a crab”, he/she isn’t talking about marine life. If a blade enters the water at an improper angle, it can get caught under the surface. The oar handle drives into the stomach and has the potential to throw the rower out of the boat.
- Don’t call a crew a “crew team”-that’s tantamount to saying “team team.”